High Fashion Fights Recession The Great Recession Essay

High Fashion Fights Recession The cause of the Great Recession created challenges for the high end of the fashion industry within the luxury goods industry. Some of the items include fancy clothing, handbags, jewelry, perfumes, and watches. The total luxury goods industry sales fell by 20% in 2009 (Parks, 2016). This is when Porter’s Five Forces come into play when understanding where power lies in a business situation (Team, 1996). Discussion The Great Recession is a term that represents the sharp decline in economic activity during the late 2000s, which is generally considered the largest downturn since the Great Depression (Investopedia , n.d.). During the Great Recession many firms cut prices, but quietly. The only firm that stood rock solid was the industry leader LVMH, which claimed that it never puts its products on sales at a discount (Parks, 2016). The bloodbath in the Great Recession forced the weaker players such as Christian Lacroix and Escada to file for bankruptcy. However, it made stronger players such as LVMH even more formidable. They benefitted from an established pattern in high fashion, the flight to quality (Parks, 2016). In other words, when people have less money, they spend it on the best. As the recession became worse, many middle-class customers in economically depressed, developed economies began to hunt for value instead of triviality and showing off (Parks, 2016). Rivalry â€Å"In addition to managing interfirm rivalry, how to manage the fickleShow MoreRelatedGlobal Strategy High Fashion Fights Recession Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pages4.1 – High Fashion Fights Recession Consider the following question: 1. Using the Five Forces Framework, how would you characterize the competition in the luxury goods industry? 2. Why was discounting looked down upon by industry peers, all of which were differentiated or focus competitors? 3. What would be the likely challenges in emerging markets for luxury goods firms? OVERVIEW Pumping out fancy clothing, handbags, jewelry, perfumes, and watches, the high end of the fashion industry—otherwiseRead MoreThe Impact Of Global Market On The Global Economy1533 Words   |  7 Pages(Merricks, 2010). Peng, (2014) describes emerging markets as, â€Å"a label that defines fast-growing developing economies since the 1990s. Like many industries, the high end fashion otherwise known as the luxury goods industry, experienced challenging times during the recent recession†. In 2008, banks were falling left and right, unemployment rates sky high, and consumer confidence at an all-time low. In 2009, total luxury goods industry sales fell by 20 percent. There are many perspectives on how and what strategiesRead MoreEssay on case of finance 3730 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Emerging Markets: High Fashion Fights Recession 1. Using the five forces framework, how would you characterize the competition in the luxury goods industry? Threat of Substitutes There is relatively no threat of substitution in the luxury goods industry. This is mainly because of the quality and price of substitutes, and the cost of switching to the consumer. The price of counterfeit goods that copy the luxury goods causes there to be a positive monetary cost in switching but there is a lossRead MoreAnn Taylor: Survival in Specialty Retail Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesof the fashion industry consumers are extremely fickle in their choices for fashion. There is a tremendously high threat of product substitution. Ann Taylor primarily appeals to busy, socially stylish and educated women. Even Kay Krill, CEO of ANN could see the challenges the lay ahead for the company when she stated that, â€Å"This is a high-risk strategy as there are numerous competitors and substitute and a moderate threat of new entrants into the market.† (Robinson, 2013) The retail fashion marketRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Spencer s1350 Words   |  6 Pagespestle analysis, Swot analysis, market segmentation, conclusion and references. Body Work: Market shares of Mark spencer’s: Mark spencer’s loss 1.4% shares in retail clothing. Which create a new pressure on chief executive Steve Rowe. The high street chain is expected to announce a 1.2pc fall in sales of general merchandise. MA losing their reputation and shareholders as compare to their competitor. The competitors of mark and spencer’s are targeting on young and as well as old generationRead MoreGlobal Luxury Brands and Recession Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesGlobal Luxury Brands’ Strategies to Fight Recession Global luxury brands’ strategies to Fight recession Choi Soon-hwa Luxury brands are actively responding to the latest economic downturn, said to be the worst since the Great Depression, racking their brains to escape the grips of the falling luxury goods market. Indeed, the hit to sales has been particularly bad as industrialized nations, traditionally the main luxury good markets, have suffered greatly. With luxury goods consumers havingRead MoreNordstrom vs. Macys1268 Words   |  6 PagesNordstrom s vs. Macy s Future Challenges Historically speaking, Canada has never been a great market for American retailers. The Canadian dollar was weak, costs were higher, and with limited real estate development, it was difficult to find space. Not anymore, now the door to Canada is opening wider than ever thanks to a stronger Canadian dollar, a relatively robust economy, and a loosening of the commercial real estate market, in part because of the downsizing of some longtime retailers likeRead MoreHM Swot and Pestel2208 Words   |  9 PagesStrengths 7 * Weaknesses 9 * Opportunities 9 * Threats 10 Ethical behaviour and corporate social responsibility 11 Conclusion 12 Bibliography 13 Executive Summary HM is a great company in many aspects. It may be Sweden’s most recognised company after IKEA. It all started with a small women clothing store outside of Stockholm and later grew to be the biggest clothing retail firm that one have yet seen. During this report IRead MoreA Four Seasons Case Study: The Ultimate Test for Isadore Sharps Recession 2792 Words   |  12 Pagesinterviews on creating one of the most recognised and respectable brands in the industry, Sharp now has to answer questions on the feasibility of the company’s business model in the current economic situation. Four Seasons has been through a number of recessions in the past, having survived and even prospered on two instances, most significantly during the slump post-9/11. However, Sharp acknowledges that the extent of the latest slump is the most extreme, and definitely worth worrying. He has done a reasonableRead MoreCase Study On The Olympics And The Risks That Comes With It Essay2078 Words   |  9 Pagesstudent protest in the capital’s Tlatelolco plaza which is now called the Tlatelolco massacre mass rioting and hundreds were reported killed, but the IOC continued with the games knowing the risks and criticism from the media. The Olympic games is a great example for a risk management case study because of all vulnerabilities and threats that comes with securing the games. Below is a case study of a city picked about a city picked to host the Olympics. Apply a risk management plan to help with securing

Roman Culture During The Roman Empire Essay - 2053 Words

Culture Roman culture was based on cultures of its neighboring societies mainly the Greeks and Etruscans, with such a blended culture the Romans took everything that that had learned and adopted and became one of the most advanced societies of it time. Using its advance knowledge and vast empire to spread the roman culture around the globe. Being one of the most advanced societies for the time the technology that the romans invented and pioneered the first water pipes for the citizens that could afford it, harvesting the rain water, toilets even though they were public bathrooms, Roman roads that were made from stone, the use on concrete, the use of Roman numerals, spreading the Latin langue’s across their empire, a postal service and the use of aqueduct. With all of these great advancements in in modern societies The Roman empire started in Italy as a republic 264 BCE, starting off as a small city-state of Rome then overthrew the monarchy of Etruscans king Tarquin, and creating republican government that would later turn in an empire. From this small start the city of Rome would go on to conquer most of the known world spreading the Roman culture across the globe. The Republic would thrive for five centuries until civil wars broke out cause the republic to crumble and letting a new form of government rise a Principate ruled by emperors. Even then many of the political bodies, the Senate, created in the Republican period would continue on in the empire. economy TheShow MoreRelatedthe roman empire is the greatest civilization of all time1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire was the period of time after the Roman Republic and before the Byzantine Empire from 29 B.C. to A.D. 476. It was the highest point of Roman civilization, greater than any prior empires and towers over even the empires after it; it triumphed over the world . The Roman Republic was what built up the foundation for the Roman Empire. During the Republic, a small group of people started from scratch and developed their own systems, which later develops into the Roman Empire. The strongRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of Empires1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the rise and fall of empires was due to tolerance, inclusion, difference, and diversity is shown to be true of the Roman Empire because of the way that tolerance allowed and caused the empire to rise, enter its golden age, and fall. The Roman Empire was a â€Å"hyperpower† that lasted from 44 BCE to 476 CE. The empire contained Western, Southern, and Eastern Europe, along with North Africa; thus, there was an abundance of culture from many different conquered groups. Romans wanted to make these conqueredRead MoreJustinian And The Byzantine Empire1568 Words   |  7 Pages In 527 AD, Justinian took control of the Byzantine Empire. Although it is currently referred to as the Byzantine Empire, many citizens and leaders, including Justinian, considered themselves to be Roman and part of the Roman Empire. This mentality led to the revival of the Roman Empire in Byzantine and in its capital, Constantinople. During his rule, Justinian led the empire to its greatest size both in the amount of controlled land and influence over groups in Europe and Asia. He also contributedRead MoreThe Rise Of The Middle Ages Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesway to the rise of the Carolingian empire. I would argue the characteristics of the middle ages include a real shift in culture and religion, while seeing the dominant influence that Christianity had on culture. Personally, I think that the reign of the emperor Constantine is what really began the shift into the middle ages. Under Constantine, we see a transformation of religion, culture and politics. In the centuries leading up to Constantine, the Roman Empire was having many ups and downs. TheRead MoreRoman Empire Vs. Han Dynasty939 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Roman Empire vs. Han Dynasty Bethany Corl HIEU 201-B11 September 29, 2014 Compare and Contrast Essay The Roman and Han empires flourished in culture, wealth, and technological advances at their pinnacle, leading not to future stability, but to greed, corruption, and ultimately their downfall. The Roman and Han empires were different with respect to how each came to gaining their power. However, each held several similarities within their governmentsRead MoreRoman Achievements and Contributions1571 Words   |  7 PagesRoman Achievements Jigsaw Background: The period of great cultural achievements for the Roman Empire is referred to as the Pax Romana, or â€Å"Peace of Rome.† Beginning after the Republican Wars in 27 B.C., and lasting to about 180 A.D., this era was marked by general tranquility and unity across the empire. By this time, Rome had overtaken most of the Mediterranean world and had spread its culture. Family Religion The family was the basic unit of Roman society. Under Roman law, the male headRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe era dominated by Roman empire is one the most well-known and influential periods of history, home to famous names from Julius Caesar to Jesus Christ. At its height, Rome’s territory stretched from the Atlantic coastline to the Middle East, reigning over 60 million people, one-fifth of the population of the ancient world. However, the Roman empire’s treatment of their conquered people’s and their own citizens ultimately led to the permanent downfall of Rome. Even in the century before theRead MoreThe Early Middle Ages And Early Medieval Period Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial in the formation of modern government, philosophy, culture as well as many other aspects and qualities of society today. The late antiquity, the early middle ages and the early modern period were all named by historians to mark significant changes in politics, culture and spirituality. The late antiquity period is said to have started after the end of the classical age and was characterized with significant changes in politics, culture and spirituality. Emperor Diocletian, in an attempt toRead MoreDecline And Fall Of The Roman Empire1310 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the Roman Empire was the greatest Empire in history. They destroyed their enemies and took their land. They had control of the Mediterranean Sea and all of the trade that went through it. Places like the Pantheon were constructed and laws such as stare decisis were created. The Roman Empire was an empire that many people wanted to live under. Then, like all empires eventually do, it fell. Looking at history, there are nine possible reasons for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. The firstRead MoreByzantine’s Exceptionalism in the Early Middle Ages900 Words   |  4 PagesAges. The Byzantine Empire modern day Turkey was an empire that was based on its own culture coming out of the Roman Empire. It was a strong Empire that came out of the Roman Empire along with Islam and Europe, each where apart of the Roman Empire, and each survived the fall of the Roman Empire: â€Å"By 750 three distinct and nearly separate civilizations- Byzantine, European, and Islamic- crystallized in and around the territory of the old Roman Empire.† . The Byzantine Empire was considered a small

Nazim as Totalitarianism Essay - 1812 Words

The Oxford Dictionary defines totalitarianism as ‘a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state’ . A totalitarian regime possesses power over affairs of the state and its inhabitants under one party and bears no opposition. A key attribute of a totalitarian government is that is looks to shape the mind and actions of society through determination, philosophy, and in general, force. Historians argue that in Nazism, ‘the value of the totalitarian concept seems extremely limited’ as they compare the regime to other totalitarian states. They state that Nazism could not have been totalitarianism because it wasn’t as organized and monolithically structured as Stalin’s Russia. The†¦show more content†¦This notion is evident through the key characteristic features of totalitarianism possessed under Hitler’s Nazi Germany. The first element of a totalitarian state encompassed by Nazism is the charismatic leadership of a totalitarian dictator. Hitler was the political leader of Nazi Germany and was referred to as Der Fuhrer. Hitler remained irrefutably unchallenged for the duration of the Third Reich especially following the elimination of the leaders of the Sturm- Abteilung (SA) on Die Nacht der langen Messer (The Night of Long Knives) 30 June 1934. Through the publicity of Hitler, he became much more than a politician to the p ersonification of a nation’s hopes and ambitions. The consolidation of the Nazi Party grew to such an extent that they became the only existing party in Germany by July 1933. The Enabling Act of March 24 1993 gave Hitler the ultimate control of the Reichstag by allowing him to alter the constitution and pass laws without the approval of the Reichstag or president. The bill was passed 441 votes to 94 with two-thirds of the Reichstag in opposition to Democracy. Hitler then began banning and abolishing party after party until there remained none, and by 14 July 1933, passed the Law Against the New Establishment of Political Parties. Article 1 of the Act stated ‘The National Socialist German Workers’ Party constitutes the only political party in Germany’ and the following Article

Effective Methods For Infection Prevention - 1960 Words

About ninety-five percent of individuals wash their hands improperly. This means that for every one hundred people, only five people actually effectively sanitize their hands. This includes while cooking, using the restroom and exercising. How disgusting is that? To think about shaking hands with individuals who do not wash their hands correctly or at all is quite disturbing. Every day, individuals are becoming ill and/or dying due to infections and disease. Infections are constantly being spread and it is impossible to eliminate them one hundred percent. However, there are a variety of simple ways people can prevent them from further spreading. It is vital to educate young people about what infection is, how it is transmitted, and†¦show more content†¦Viral infections can also be systemic, which means that it affects multiple parts of one’s body (Nordqvist). Another major type of infection that is the most common is a bacterial infection. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that do not contain a nucleus or any organelles surrounded by a membrane. Bacteria can practically live in almost any kind of environment. It lives all throughout the inside of people s bodies and most of the time, it will not cause harm to one’s health. There are three different shapes of bacteria: spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral (Nordqvist). Not only are there viral and bacterial infections, but there are several other types as well. Many infections are contracted in specific locations. For instance, people who have a nosocomial infection mainly contract an infection that is present in a hospital or other health care facility. The term nosocomial infection is associated with hospital-acquired infections (HAI) or health-care associated infections. In order for someone to have a nosocomial infection, the infection has to be present before he or she receives medical care. For it to be considered a HAI, the infection has to happen up to forty-eight hours after someone is admitted, up to three days after they are discharged, up to thirty days after they go through an operation, or when they come into a healthcare facilityShow MoreRelatedMrsa Research Paper1689 Words   |  7 PagesMRSA Prevention in American Hospitals: A Review of the Literature Jenny Niemann AP Language and Composition Mrs. Cook November 4, 2010 Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a harmful and virulent antibiotic resistant bacterium that is a major concern in most American hospitals. Modern scientists are aiming to discover effective prevention methods for MRSA in hospitals, so productive prevention guidelines can be created. Clinical microbiologistsRead MoreThe Success Of A Nurse926 Words   |  4 Pageshealth and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.† (American Nurses Association, 2015). The responsibilities of a nurse are critical and uniquely tailored to each individual patient. One uniform piece that must remain consistent among the daily practices of a nurse is infection control. â€Æ' Body The basis of infection control is hand hygieneRead MoreHiv Aids And Hiv And Aids1246 Words   |  5 Pagesit harder to fight infections (Avert). HIV is located in semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast milk (HIV and Aids). The most common method to become infected is through anal or vaginal sex without a condom (HIV and Aids). Other forms of contraction include using infected needles/ syringes, from mother to child during pregnancy, or breastfeeding (HIV and Aids). If left untreated, AIDS can evolve, this is when a person’s immune system becomes too weak to fight infection and can no longerRead MorePre Exposure Prophylaxis ( Prep ) For Hiv Prevention1201 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is a promising experimental approach currently being tested globally. A number of PrEP trials are evaluating the safety and effectiveness of PrEP in men who have sex with men (MSM) and other populations at risk for HIV, and results wi ll be available from this first generation of efficacy trials over the next few years. Here we review the rationale for orally-administered antiretrovirals for prevention, and outline issues the first generation trialsRead MoreEffective Methods to Reduce the Spread of HIV1488 Words   |  6 PagesIntervention: Prevention and protection is the most cost effective method to reduce the spread of HIV. In mid-1990s Cambodias prevention efforts have centered generally on encouraging the condom use among men when participating in business sex and swaying men to diminish their business sex activity. In 1999, the Cambodian government launched a 100% condom usage campaign among the brothel sex workers that was modeled from Thailands successful program. Education was one of the best measuresRead MoreEssay on Article Analysis: Infection Control in Home Care1219 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' Introduction The article Infection Control in Home Care was given by Emily Rhinehart in April 2001. This article is about the home care and infection control in the United States of America. This article stated that, in the past decades, the scope and intensity of home care have increased, whereas the strategies and prevention solutions of infection surveillance and control efforts have fallen behind (Rhinehart, 2001). Lack of applicable and consistent methods for surveillance and acute-careRead MoreThe Center For Disease Control And Prevention1562 Words   |  7 PagesFindings Furthermore, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that studies, as noted before, have shown PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV through sexual intercourse by more than 90% and by more than 70% among populations who inject drugs when taken regularly. Gay or bisexual men increase their chance of being exposed to the virus if they have had anal sex without a condom, been diagnosed with an STD during the past 6 months or are in a relationship with an HIV-positive partnerRead MoreMale Circumcision should be Promoted in Developing Countries as a Means of HIV Prevention873 Words   |  4 PagesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the major health problem globally since 1981. Since that time, almost 70 million people have been infected and nearly 35 million have died due to HIV infection (Global Health Observatory, WHO). With the development of prevention methods and maintaining medical interventions, the incidence of HIV was reduced one-third between 2001 and 2012(UNAIDS., 2013). 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Twenty percent of these HAI are due to staphylococcus aureus, better known as simply Staph (Statisticbrain.com, 2015). What is Staph Staphylococcus aureus is a specific type of bacteria which

My Father Free Essays

string(40) " and other information about the email\." Electronic mail, also known as  email  or  e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the  Internet  or other  computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be  online  at the same time, in common with  instant messaging. We will write a custom essay sample on My Father or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today’s email systems are based on a  store-and-forward  model. Emailservers  accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an  email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term  electronic mail  was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe  fax  document transmission. [2][3]  As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today. An Internet email message[NB 1]  consists of three components, the message  envelope, the message  header, and the message  body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator’s  email address  and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp. Originally a text-only (7-bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in  RFC  2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions(MIME). Electronic mail predates the inception of the  Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,[4]  but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early  ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today. Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the  File Transfer Protocol  (FTP), but is now carried by theSimple Mail Transfer Protocol  (SMTP), first published as  Internet standard  10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message  envelope  separate from the message (header and body) itself. The diagram to the right shows a typical sequence of events[48]  that takes place when  Alice  composes a message using her  mail user agent  (MUA). She enters the  email address  of her correspondent, and hits the â€Å"send† button. 1. Her MUA formats the message in email format and uses the Submission Protocol (a profile of the  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol  (SMTP), see  RFC 6409) to send the message to the local  mail submission agent  (MSA), in this casesmtp. a. org, run by Alice’s  internet service provider  (ISP). 2. The MSA looks at the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header), in this casebob@b. org. An Internet email address is a string of the formlocalpart@exampledomain. The part before the @ sign is the  local part  of the address, often the  username  of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a  domain name  or afully qualified domain name. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the fully qualified domain name of the  mail exchange server  in the  Domain Name System  (DNS). 3. The  DNS server  for the  b. org  domain,  ns. b. org, responds with any  MX records  listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case  mx. b. org, a  message transfer agent  (MTA) server run by Bob’s ISP. 4. smtp. a. org  sends the message to  mx. b. org  using SMTP. This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final  message delivery agent  (MDA). 1. The MDA delivers it to the  mailbox  of the user  bob. 2. Bob presses the â€Å"get mail† button in his MUA, which picks up the message using either the  Post Office Protocol  (POP3) or theInternet Message Access Protocol  (IMAP4). That sequence of events applies to the majority of email users. However, there are many alternative possibilities and complications to the email system: * Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as  IBM  Lotus Notes  or  Microsoft  Exchange. These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product’s Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system. * Alice may not have a MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a  webmail  service. Alice’s computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1. * Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into  mx. b. org  and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service. * Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail when the main mail exchange server is not available. * Email messages are not secure if  email encryption  is not used correctly. Many MTAs us ed to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called  open mail relays. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable. If an MTA couldn’t reach the destination, it could at least deliver it to a relay closer to the destination. The relay stood a better chance of delivering the message at a later time. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by people sending  unsolicited bulk email  and as a consequence very few modern MTAs are open mail relays, and many MTAs don’t accept messages from open mail relays because such messages are very likely to be spam. ————————————————- [edit]Message format The Internet email message format is now defined by  RFC 5322, with multi-media content attachments being defined in  RFC 2045through  RFC 2049, collectively called  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions  or  MIME. RFC 5322  replaced the earlier  RFC 2822  in 2008, and in turn  RFC 2822  in 2001 replaced  RFC 822  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ which had been the standard for Internet email for nearly 20 years. Published in 1982,  RFC 822  was based on the earlier  RFC 733  for the  ARPANET. [49] Internet email messages consist of two major sections: * Header  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Structured into  fields  such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. You read "My Father" in category "Essay examples" Body  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The basic content, as unstructured text; sometimes containing a  signature block  at the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter. The header is separated from the body by a blank line. [edit]Message header Ea ch message has exactly one  header, which is structured into  fields. Each field has a name and a value. RFC 5322  specifies the precise syntax. Informally, each line of text in the header that begins with a  printable character  begins a separate field. The field name starts in the first character of the line and ends before the separator character â€Å":†. The separator is then followed by the field value (the â€Å"body† of the field). The value is continued onto subsequent lines if those lines have a space or tab as their first character. Field names and values are restricted to 7-bit  ASCII  characters. Non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME  encoded words. Email header fields can be multi-line, and each line ahould be at most 78 characters long and in no event more than 998 characters long. [50]  Header fields defined by  RFC 5322  can only contain  US-ASCII  characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in  RFC 2047  can be used. 51]  Recently the IETF EAI working group has defined some standards track extensions[52][53], replacing previous experimental extensions, to allow  UTF-8  encoded  Unicode  characters to be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such characters must only be used by servers that sup port these extensions. The message header must include at least the following fields:[54] * From: The  email address, and optionally the name of the author(s). In many email clients not changeable except through changing account settings. Date: The local time and date when the message was written. Like the  From:  field, many email clients fill this in automatically when sending. The recipient’s client may then display the time in the format and time zone local to him/her. The message header should include at least the following fields:[55] * Message-ID: Also an automatically generated field; used to prevent multiple delivery and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below). * In-Reply-To:  Message-ID  of the message that this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies for reply messages. RFC 3864  describes registration procedures for message header fields at the  IANA; it provides for  permanent  and  provisionalmessage header field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and http, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include: * To: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message’s recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below. * Subject: A brief summary of the topic of the message. Certain abbreviations  are commonly used in the subject, including  Ã¢â‚¬Å"RE:† and â€Å"FW:†. Bcc:  Blind Carbon Copy; addresses added to the SMTP delivery list but not (usually) listed in the message data, remaining invisible to other recipients. * Cc:  Carbon copy; Many email clients will mark email in your inbox differently depending on whether you are in the To: or Cc: list. * Content-Type: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a  MIME  type. * Precedence: commonly with values â€Å"bulk†, â€Å"junk†, or â€Å"list†; used to indicate that automated â€Å"vacation† or â€Å"out of office† responses should not be returned for this mail, e. g. o prevent vacation notices from being sent to all other subscribers of a mailinglist. Sendmailuses this header to affect prioritization of queued email, with â€Å"Precedence: special-delivery† messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks delivery priority is less of an issue than it once was. Microsoft Exchange  respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the X-Auto-Response-Suppress header. [56] * References:  Message-ID  of the message that this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc. * Reply-To: Address that should be used to reply to the message. Sender: Address of the actual sender acting on behalf o f the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc. ). * Archived-At: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message. [57] Note that the  To:  field is not necessarily related to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The actual delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,  SMTP, which may or may not originally have been extracted from the header content. The â€Å"To:† field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter which is delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the â€Å"From:† field does not have to be the real sender of the email message. Some mail servers apply  email authentication  systems to messages being relayed. Data pertaining to server’s activity is also part of the header, as defined below. SMTP defines the  trace information  of a message, which is also saved in the header using the following two fields:[58] * Received: when an SMTP server accepts a message it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first). * Return-Path: when the delivery SMTP server makes the  final delivery  of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header. Other header fields that are added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called  trace fields, in a broader sense. [59] * Authentication-Results: when a server carries out authentication checks, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents. [60] * Received-SPF: stores the results of  SPF  checks. [61] * Auto-Submitted: is used to mark automatically generated messages. [62] * VBR-Info: claims  VBR  whitelisting[63] Filename extensions Upon reception of email messages,  email client  applications save messages in operating system files in the file system. Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is the  mbox  format. The specific format used is often indicated by special  filename extensions: eml Used by many email clients including  Microsoft Outlook Express,  Windows Mail  and  Mozilla Thunderbird. The files are  plain text  inMIME  format, containing the email header as well as the message contents and attachments in one or more of several formats. emlx Used by  Apple Mail. msg Used by  Microsoft Office Outlook  and  OfficeLogic Groupware. bx Used by  Opera Mail,  KMail, and  Apple Mail  based on the  mbox  format. Some applications (like  Apple Mail) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory. Lesson 1: Entering Text and Numbers The Microsoft Excel Window Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet. You can use it to organize your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical calculations quickly. This tutorial teaches Microsoft Excel basics. Although knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows environment is helpful, this tutorial was created for the computer novice. This lesson will introduce you to the Excel window. You use the window to interact with Excel. To begin this lesson, start Microsoft Excel 2007. The Microsoft Excel window appears and your screen looks similar to the one shown here. Note:  Your screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown. In Excel 2007, how a window displays depends on the size of your window, the size of your monitor, and the resolution to which your monitor is set. Resolution determines how much information your computer monitor can display. If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your screen, but the size of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more information fits on your screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. Also, settings in Excel 2007, Windows Vista, and Windows XP allow you to change the color and style of your windows. The Microsoft Office Button In the upper-left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and perform many other tasks. The Quick Access Toolbar Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar gives you with access to commands you frequently use. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You can use Save to save your file, Undo to roll back an action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back. The Title Bar Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. On the Title bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are currently using. At the top of the Excel window, you should see â€Å"Microsoft Excel – Book1† or a similar name. The Ribbon You use commands to tell Microsoft Excel what to do. In Microsoft Excel 2007, you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the Excel window, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of a group. When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog box makes additional commands available. The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an item means the item is selected. Move Around a Worksheet By using the arrow keys, you can move around your worksheet. You can use the down arrow key to move downward one cell at a time. You can use the up arrow key to move upward one cell at a time. You can use the Tab key to move across the page to the right, one cell at a time. You can hold down the Shift key and then press the Tab key to move to the left, one cell at a time. You can use the right and left arrow keys to move right or left one cell at a time. The Page Up and Page Down keys move up and down one page at a time. If you hold down the Ctrl key and then press the Home key, you move to the beginning of the worksheet. EXERCISE 1 Move Around the Worksheet The Down Arrow Key Press the down arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves downward one cell at a time. The Up Arrow Key Press the up arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves upward one cell at a time. The Tab Key Move to cell A1. Press the Tab key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the right one cell at a time. The Shift+Tab Keys Hold down the Shift key and then press Tab. Note that the cursor moves to the left one cell at a time. The Right and Left Arrow Keys Press the right arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the right. Press the left arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the left. Page Up and Page Down Press the Page Down key. Note that the cursor moves down one page. Press the Page Up key. Note that the cursor moves up one page. The Ctrl-Home Key Move the cursor to column J. Stay in column J and move the cursor to row 20. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press the Home key. Excel moves to cell A1. Go To Cells  Quickly The following are shortcuts for moving quickly from one cell in a worksheet to a cell in a different part of the worksheet. EXERCISE 2 Go to — F5 The F5 function key is the â€Å"Go To† key. If you press the F5 key, you are prompted for the cell to which you wish to go. Enter the cell address, and the cursor jumps to that cell. Press F5. The Go To dialog box opens. Type  J3  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell J3. Go to — Ctrl+G You can also use Ctrl+G to go to a specific cell. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press â€Å"g† (Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box opens. Type  C4  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C4. The Name Box You can also use the Name box to go to a specific cell. Just type the cell you want to go to in the Name box and then press Enter. If you wish to perform a function on a group of cells, you must first select those cells by highlighting them. The exercises that follow teach you how to select. EXERCISE 3 Select Cells To select cells A1 to E1: Go to cell A1. Press the F8 key. This anchors the cursor. Note that â€Å"Extend Selection† appears on the Status bar in the lower-left corner of the window. You are in the Extend mode. Click in cell E7. Excel highlights cells A1 to E7. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to clear the highlighting. Alternative Method: Select Cells by Dragging You can also select an area by holding down the left mouse button and dragging the mouse over the area. In addition, you can select noncontiguous areas of the worksheet by doing the following: Go to cell A1. Hold down the Ctrl key. You won’t release it until step 9. Holding down the Ctrl key enables you to select noncontiguous areas of the worksheet. Press the left mouse button. While holding down the left mouse button, use the mouse to move from cell A1 to C5. Continue to hold down the Ctrl key, but release the left mouse button. Using the mouse, place the cursor in cell D7. Press the left mouse button. While holding down the left mouse button, move to cell F10. Release the left mouse button. Release the Ctrl key. Cells A1 to C5 and cells D7 to F10 are selected. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to remove the highlighting. Enter Data In this section, you will learn how to enter data into your worksheet. First, place the cursor in the cell in which you want to start entering data. Type some data, and then press Enter. If you need to delete, press the Backspace key to delete one character at a time. EXERCISE 4 Enter Data Place the cursor in cell A1. Type  John Jordan. Do not press Enter at this time. Delete Data The Backspace key erases one character at a time. Press the Backspace key until Jordan is erased. Press Enter. The name â€Å"John† appears in cell A1. Edit a Cell After you enter data into a cell, you can edit the data by pressing F2 while you are in the cell you wish to edit. EXERCISE 5 Edit a Cell Change â€Å"John† to â€Å"Jones. † Move to cell A1. Press F2. Use the Backspace key to delete the â€Å"n† and the â€Å"h. † Type  nes. Press Enter. Lesson 2: Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data Lesson 1 familiarized you with the Excel 2007 window, taught you how to move around the window, and how to enter data. A major strength of Excel is that you can perform mathematical calculations and format your data. In this lesson, you learn how to perform basic mathematical calculations and how to format text and numerical data. To start this lesson, open Excel. Set the Enter Key Direction In Microsoft Excel, you can specify the direction the cursor moves when you press the Enter key. In the exercises that follow, the cursor must move down one cell when you press Enter. You can use the Direction box in the Excel Options pane to set the cursor to move up, down, left, right, or not at all. Perform the steps that follow to set the cursor to move down when you press the Enter key. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears. Click Excel Options in the lower-right corner. The Excel Options pane appears. Click Advanced. If the check box next to After Pressing Enter Move Selection is not checked, click the box to check it. If Down does not appear in the Direction box, click the down arrow next to the Direction box and then click Down. Click OK. Excel sets the Enter direction to down. Perform Mathematical Calculations In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers and mathematical formulas into cells. Whether you enter a number or a formula, you can reference the cell when you perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. When entering a mathematical formula, precede the formula with an equal sign. Use the following to indicate the type of calculation you wish to perform: + Addition – Subtraction * Multiplication / Division ^ Exponential In the following exercises, you practice some of the methods you can use to move around a worksheet and you learn how to perform mathematical calculations. Refer to Lesson 1 to learn more about moving around a worksheet. EXERCISE 1 Addition Type  Add  in cell A1. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  1  in cell A2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  1  in cell A3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =A2+A3  in cell A4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel adds cell A1 to cell A2 and displays the result in cell A4. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Note:  Clicking the check mark on the Formula bar is similar to pressing Enter. Excel records your entry but does not move to the next cell. Subtraction Press F5. The Go To dialog box appears. Type  B1  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell B1. Type  Subtract. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  6  in cell B2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3  in cell B3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =B2-B3  in cell B4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B2 and the result displays in cell B4. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Multiplication Hold down the Ctrl key while you press â€Å"g† (Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box appears. Type  C1  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C1 Type  Multiply. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  2  in cell C2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3  in cell C3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =C2*C3  in cell C4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel multiplies C1 by cell C2 and displays the result in cell C3. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Division Press F5. Type  D1  in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell D1. Type  Divide. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  6  in cell D2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3  in cell D3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  =D2/D3  in cell D4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and displays the result in cell D4. The formula displays on the Formula bar. When creating formulas, you can reference cells and include numbers. All of the following formulas are valid: =A2/B2 =A1+12-B3 =A2*B2+12 =24+53 AutoSum You can use the AutoSum button  Ã‚  on the Home tab to automatically add a column or row of numbers. When you press the AutoSum button  , Excel selects the numbers it thinks you want to add. If you then click the check mark on the Formula bar or press the Enter key, Excel adds the numbers. If Excel’s guess as to which numbers you want to add is wrong, you can select the cells you want. EXERCISE 2 AutoSum The following illustrates AutoSum: Go to cell F1. Type  3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Type  3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell to cell F4. Choose the Home tab. Click the AutoSum button  Ã‚  in the Editing group. Excel selects cells F1 through F3 and enters a formula in cell F4. Press Enter. Excel adds cells F1 through F3 and displays the result in cell F4. Perform Automatic Calculations By default, Microsoft Excel recalculates the worksheet as you change cell entries. This makes it easy for you to correct mistakes and analyze a variety of scenarios. EXERCISE 3 Automatic Calculation Make the changes described below and note how Microsoft Excel automatically recalculates. Move to cell A2. Type  2. Press the right arrow key. Excel changes the result in cell A4. Excel adds cell A2 to cell A3 and the new result appears in cell A4. Move to cell B2. Type  8. Press the right arrow key. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B3 and the new result appears in cell B4. Move to cell C2. Type  4. Press the right arrow key. Excel multiplies cell C2 by cell C3 and the new result appears in cell C4. Move to cell D2. Type  12. Press the Enter key. Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and the new result appears in cell D4. Align Cell Entries When you type text into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the left side of the cell. When you type numbers into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the right side of the cell. You can change the cell alignment. You can center, left-align, or right-align any cell entry. Look at cells A1 to D1. Note that they are aligned with the left side of the cell. Microsoft Excel 2007 – It is a program used to create, format, and compute numbers. It displays datain row-and-column format. MS Excel makes it easy to compute numbers andallows different ways to format data including charts and reports. It is a very powerful electronic spreadsheet that lets the user enter and usenumerical data with formulas and built-in functions. It consists of 16worksheets, 65536 rows, and 256 columns. A Workbook is a file in MS Excel that holds worksheets. A Worksheet is composed of columns and rows that are similar to an accounting ledger. Itdisplays characters like letters, a nd numbers, and can do computations. Parts and Uses of the MS Excel Environment 1. Toolbars – display commands that are commonly used for easy access 2. Name Box – displays the address of the active cell 3. Formula bar displays the contents and formula entered on the active cell 4. Status bar – displays the information about a selected command 5. Select all Button – selects every cell in a worksheet 6. Sheet Tabs – let you display worksheets in the open workbook 7. Row headers – a number used to identify a row 8. Column headers – a letter used to identify a column 9. Active cell – the cell that has a thick border that will hold any data that you type or  entered 10. Scroll bars – includes vertical and horizontal scroll bar and four arrow used to move thescreen display horizontally or vertically 11. Title bar displays the program and the name of the workbook that you are currentlyusing 12. Menu bar (7 Tabs) – lis ts the names of the menus or tabs in Excel 13. Minimize button – minimizes the window to a button on the task bar 14. Maximize/Restore button – switch between maximizing a window and restoring awindow to its previous size 15. Close button – closes the window Parts of the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Environment Parts of the PowerPoint screen: * Title bar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays the document name * Menu bar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ click on a menu option to see a list of commands * Standard toolbar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ frequently used menu options Formatting toolbar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays formatting commands * Placeholder  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ click or double-click to add an element to a slide * Outline view button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays document in outline form * Slide view button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays slides one at a time * Slide Sorter view button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays all slides in a single screen * Slide show button  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays slide show * Drawing toolbar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ displays drawing tools * Status bar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ shows the current page number and position of the insertion point in the document * Office Assistant  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ quick help when you need it This lesson introduces you to  PowerPoint 2007. You use the PowerPoint window to interact with the software, place text, graphics, and other features on a slide. When you launch PowerPoint 2007, the PowerPoint 2007 Window appears and your screen looks like the one shown below. Your PowerPoint 2007 Window screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown above. In PowerPoint 2007, how a window displays depends on the size of the window, the size of your monitor, and the resolution to which your monitor is set. Screen Resolution determines how much information your computer monitor can display. If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your screen, but the size of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more information fits on your screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. The Microsoft Office Button In the upper-left corner of the PowerPoint 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. It’s similar to the old File Menu. When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, print, and perform many other tasks. The Quick Access Toolbar Next to the Microsoft Office button in the upper left corner is the Quick Access toolbar outlined in red in the image above. The Quick Access toolbar provides you with access to commands that are frequently used. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You use Save to save your file, Undo to rollback an action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back. You can customize this toolbar by right clicking on it or click the small black down arrow to the right. The Title Bar The Title bar is located at the top in the center of the PowerPoint 2007 window. The Title bar displays the name of the presentation on which you are currently working. By default, PowerPoint names presentations sequentially, starting with Presentation1. When you save your file, you can change the name of your presentation. The Ribbon The  Ribbon  holds all of the commands and features of each of the tabs in the Ribbon. The Tabs are located across the top of the ribbon under the Title Bar. These contextual tabs will appear when you have something highlighted that calls for it. For example, if you have a picture highlighted on your slide, a Picture Tools tab will appear. Similar tools are located in Command Groups across the ribbon. Each Command Group includes Command Buttons to perform various actions on that group of tools. Getting PowerPoint to Do What You Want You use commands to tell PowerPoint what to do. In PowerPoint 2007, the commands you use are located on the the Ribbon. The Ribbon is located near the top of the PowerPoint 2007 window, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs and clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of a group. When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog box makes additional commands available. Clipboard  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Contains the cut, copy, paste commands. The Format Painter tool is located here as are the Paste Special, Paste as Hyperlink, and Duplicate commands. Slides  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ All the commonly used commands for creating new slides Font  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Includes the most commonly used commands for formatting font Paragraph  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Includes all of the paragraph formatting commands, vertical and horizontal alignments, text direction, bullets, numbering, indenting, spacing before and after, columns, etc. It also includes the dialog box for tabs. Drawing  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Allow you to add shapes and draw on your slides. This is Format Shape Dialog Box. Rulers Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. You use them to determine where you want to place an object. If the rulers do not display in your PowerPoint 2007 window: 1. Click the View tab. 2. Click Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The rulers appear. Slides, Placeholders, and Notes The Slide Window is broken up into several areas including the Slide Pane and the Notes Section. The Slide Pane appears in the center of the window while the Notes Section is at the bottom. There are also Placeholders on each slide depending on the slide layout that has been selected. These layouts may include placeholders for a slide title, subtitle, text, images, video, charts, graphs, etc. The placeholders hold the objects on your slides. Slides appear in the center of the window. You create your presentation by adding content to the slides. You can use the notes area to creates notes to yourself. You can refer to these notes as you give your presentation. For narrated presentations, this area is frequently used to write the script for the audio. Main Window Components, Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and More The Status bar generally appears at the bottom of the window. The Status bar displays the number of the slide that is currently displayed, the total number of slides, and the name of the design template in use or the name of the background. The Outline tab displays the text contained in your presentation in an outline format. The Slides tab displays a thumbnail view of all your slides. You click the thumbnail to view the slide in the Slide pane. The View buttons appear near the bottom of the screen. You use the View buttons to change between Normal view, Slider Sorter view, and the Slide Show view. Normal View Normal view splits your screen into three major sections: the Outline and Slides tabs, the Slide pane, and the Notes area. The Outline and Slides tabs are on the left side of your window. They enable you to shift between two different ways of viewing your slides. The Slides tab shows thumbnails of your slides. The Outline tab shows the text on your slides. The Slide pane is located in the center of your window. The Slide pane shows a large view of the slide on which you are currently working. The Notes area appears below the Slide pane. You can type notes to yourself on the Notes area. Slide Sorter View Slide Sorter view shows thumbnails of all your slides. In Slide Sorter view, you can easily add, delete, or change their order of your slides. Slide Show View Use the Slide Show view when you want to view your slides, as they will look in your final presentation. When in Slide Show view: Esc| Returns you to the view you were using previously. | Left-clicking| Moves you to the next slide or animation effect. When you reach the last slide, you automatically return to your previous view. | Right-clicking| Opens a pop-up menu. You can use this menu to navigate the slides, add speaker notes, select a pointer, and mark your presentation. | Zoom In Zoom Out Zoom controls allows you to zoom in and zoom out on the window. Zooming in makes the window larger so you focus in on an object. Zooming out makes the window smaller so you can see the entire window. You can click and drag the vertical and horizontal splitter bars to change the size of your panes. What is a computer virus? A computer virus is a small software program that spreads from one computer to another and interferes with computer operation. A computer virus might corrupt or delete data on a computer, use an email program to spread the virus to other computers, or even delete everything on the hard disk. Computer viruses are frequently spread by attachments in email messages or by instant messaging messages. Therefore, you must never open an email attachment unless you know who sent the message or you are expecting the email attachment. Viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Computer viruses also spread through downloads on the Internet. They can be hidden in pirated software or in other files or programs that you might download. Symptoms of a computer virus For information about the symptoms of a computer virus, go to the   Microsoft PC Security  website. What is a worm? A worm is computer code that spreads without user interaction. Most worms begin as email attachments that infect a computer when they’re opened. The worm scans the infected computer for files, such as address books or temporary webpages, that contain email addresses. The worm uses the addresses to send infected email messages, and frequently mimics (or spoofs) the â€Å"From† addresses in later email messages so that those infected messages seem to be from someone you know. Worms then spread automatically through email messages, networks, or operating system vulnerabilities, frequently overwhelming those systems before the cause is known. Worms aren’t always destructive to computers, but they usually cause computer and network performance and stability problems. What is a trojan horse? A trojan horse is a malicious software program that hides inside other programs. It enters a computer hidden inside a legitimate program, such as a screen saver. Then it puts code into the operating system that enables a hacker to access the infected computer. Trojan horses do not usually spread by themselves. They are spread by viruses, worms, or downloaded software. What is spyware? Spyware can install on your computer without your knowledge. These programs can change your computer’s configuration or collect advertising data and personal information. Spyware can track Internet search habits and can also redirect your web browser to a different website than you intend to go to. What is rogue security software? A rogue security software program tries to make you think that your computer is infected by a virus and usually prompts you to download or buy a product that removes the virus. The names of these products frequently contain words like Antivirus, Shield, Security, Protection, or Fixer. This makes them sound legitimate. They frequently run right after you download them, or the next time that your computer starts. Rogue security software can prevent applications, such as Internet Explorer, from opening. Rogue security software might also display legitimate and important Windows files as infections. Typical error messages or pop-up messages might contain the following phrases: Warning! Your computer is infected! This computer is infected by spyware and adware. Note  If you receive a message in a popup dialog box that resembles this warning, press  ALT + F4  on your keyboard to close the dialog box. Do not click anything inside the dialog box. If a warning, such as the one here, keeps appearing when you try to close the dialog box, it’s a good indication that the message is malicious. Are you sure you want to navigate from this page? Your computer is infected! They can cause data lost and file corruption and need to be treated as soon as possible. Press CANCEL to prevent it. Return to System Security and download it to secure your PC. Press OK to Continue or Cancel to stay on the current page. If you see this kind of message, then don’t download or buy the software. What is malware? Malware is a term that is used for malicious software that is designed to do damage or unwanted actions to a computer system. Examples of malware include the following: Viruses Worms Trojan horses Spyware Rogue security software How to remove malware such as a virus, spyware, or rogue security software Removing a computer virus or spyware can be difficult without the help of malicious software removal tools. Some computer viruses and other unwanted software reinstall themselves after the viruses and spyware are detected and removed. Fortunately, by updating the computer and by using malicious software removal tools, you can help permanently remove unwanted software. For more information about how to remove a computer virus and spyware, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 2671662 – Microsoft resources and guidance for removal of malware and viruses Note  If you cannot access the Internet on your computer, use another computer to help you follow the steps in the â€Å"How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings† section on the computer that may be infected. To remove a computer virus and other malicious software, follow these steps in order. Install the latest updates from Microsoft Update Note  A computer virus may prevent you from accessing the Microsoft Update website to install the latest updates. We recommend that you set the Automatic Updates service  to run automatically so that a computer is not missing any important updates. For more information, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:   306525 – How to configure and use Automatic Updates in Windows Windows Vista  and  Windows 7 Click  Start, and then type  Windows Update  in the search box. In the results area, click  Windows Update. Click  Check for Updates. Follow the instructions to download and install the latest Windows Updates. Windows XP Click  Start, and then click  Run. Type  sysdm. cpl, and then press Enter. Click the  Automatic Updates  tab, and then click the  Automatic (recommended)  option. Click  OK. Use the free Microsoft Safety Scanner Microsoft offers a free online tool that scans and helps remove potential threats from your computer. To perform the scan, go to the  Microsoft Safety Scanner  website. Use the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool For more information about the Microsoft Malicious Software Removal Tool, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 890830 – The Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool helps remove specific, prevalent malicious software from computers that are running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, or Windows XP Manually remove the rogue security software If the rogue security software can’t be detected or removed by using Microsoft Safety Scanner or the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool, try the following steps: Note the name of the rogue security software. For this example, we’ll call it  XP Security Agent 2010. Restart your computer. When you see the computer’s manufacturer’s logo, repeatedly press the  F8  key. When you are prompted, use the arrow keys to highlight  Safe Mode with Networking, and then press Enter. Click  Start  and check whether the rogue security software appears on the  Start  menu. If it’s not listed there, clickAll Programs  and scroll to find the rogue security software’s name. Right-click the name of the rogue security software program, and then click  Properties. Click the  Shortcut  tab. In the  Properties  dialog box, check the path of the rogue security software program that is listed in  Target. For example,  C:Program FilesXP Security Agent 2010. Note  The folder name frequently is a random number. Click  Open File Location. In the  Program Files  window, click  Program Files  in the address bar. Scroll until you find the rogue security software program folder. For example,  XP Security Agent 2010. Right-click the folder, and then click  Delete. Restart your computer. Go to the  Microsoft Safety Scanner  website. Follow the steps to run the scan and to help remove the rogue security software. If you suspect that your computer is infected with rogue security software that was not detected by using Microsoft security solutions, you can submit samples by using the  Microsoft Malware Protection Center submission form. For more information about rogue security software, go to the  Watch out for fake virus alerts  website. Install and run Microsoft Security Essentials Microsoft offers a free malicious removal program called Microsoft Security Essentials that helps protect your computer from becoming infected. To install Microsoft Security Essentials, follow these steps: Go to the  Microsoft Security Essentials  website. Click  Free Download. Click  Run, and then follow the instructions to install Microsoft Security Essentials. After installation, restart your computer. Click  Start, click  All Programs, and then click  Microsoft Security Essentials. On the  Home  tab, select the  Full  scan option, and then click  Scan now. Install Windows Defender Offline Windows Defender Offline is a malware tool that helps remove difficult to eliminate viruses that start before Windows starts. To use Windows Defender Offline, follow these steps: On an uninfected computer, go to the  What is Windows Defender Offline  website. Click  Download the 32 bit version  or  Download the 64 bit version, depending on which operating system that you are running. If you’re unsure of which operating system that you are running, go to the  Is my PC running the 32-bit or 64-bit version of Windows  website. When you are prompted, click  Save As, and then save the file to a DVD, CD, or USB flash drive. On the infected computer, insert the DVD, CD, or USB flash drive, and then restart the computer. When you are prompted, press a key to select an option to use to start your computer, such as F12, F5, or F8, depending on the kind of computer that you are using. Use the arrow key to scroll to the drive where you installed Windows Defender Offline file. Windows Defender Offline starts and immediately scans for malware. For more information about how to remove a computer virus, go to the  How do I remove a computer virus  website. How to protect your computer against malware There are actions that you can take to help protect your computer against malware. Turn on the firewall For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows 7, go to the  Turn Windows 7 Firewall on or offwebsite. For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows Vista, go to the  Turn Windows Vista Firewall on or off  website. For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows XP, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 283673 – How can I turn on or turn off the firewall in Windows XP Service Pack 2 or later versions? Keep your computer up to date For more information about how to set Automatic Updates in Windows, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 306525 – How to configure and use Automatic Updates in Windows Install Microsoft Security Essentials and keep it up to date For more information about how to install and use Microsoft Security Essentials, go to the  Microsoft Security Essentialswebsite. Don’t be tricked into downloading malware Here are some tips that can help protect you from downloading software that you don’t want: Only download programs from websites that you trust. If you’re not sure whether to trust a program that you want to download, enter the name of the program into your favorite search engine to see whether anyone else has reported that it contains spyware. Read all security warnings, license agreements, and privacy statements that are associated with any software that you download. Never click â€Å"Agree† or â€Å"OK† to close a window that you suspect might be spyware. Instead, click the red â€Å"x† in the corner of the window or press  Alt + F4  on your keyboard to close a window. Be wary of popular â€Å"free† music and movie file-sharing programs, and make sure that you understand all the software packaged with those programs. Use a standard user account instead of an administrator account. For more information, go to the  Why use a standard account instead of an administrator account  website. For more information about how to protect a computer against viruses, go to the  How to boost your malware defense and protect your PC  website. How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings Malicious software might change Internet Explorer proxy settings, and these changes can prevent you from accessing Windows Update or any Microsoft Security sites. To have us change your Internet Explorer proxy settings for you, follow these steps: On an uninfected computer, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge base: 2289942 – How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings Go to the  Fix it for me  section. Click the  Fix it  button. Save the file to a flash drive or a CD when you are prompted. Insert the flash drive or CD in the infected computer. Start Windows, click  Start, and then click  Run. Click  Browse. Select the location of the flash drive or CD. Double-click the file that you saved, and then click  Open. To change your Internet Explorer proxy settings yourself, follow these steps: Click  Start, and then click  Run. In the  Run  box, copy and paste the following: reg add â€Å"HKCUSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionInternet Settings† /v ProxyEnable /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f Click  OK. Click  Start, and then click  Run. In the  Run  box, copy and paste the following: reg delete â€Å"HKCUSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionInternet Settings† /v ProxyServer /f Click  OK. How to cite My Father, Essay examples

Case study for Software giant Microsoft to produce the mobiles

Question: Discuss about the Case study for Software giant Microsoft though have taken the strategy to produce mobiles, but it has led to disappointment as it loses apps? Answer: Introduction Microsoft Corporation has been the most successful business enterprise on the last decade. It has delivered the best services and custom software that have resulted the highest revenue. Several products such as MS Office, Skype, Windows OS ( XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8,1, 10) and the latest Microsoft Smartphone makes Microsoft Corporation to be the competitiveleader globally. SatyaNadella the youngest CEO have improved the business of Microsoft by increasing the security system of outlook.com accounts. This approach have led the consideration of many users to gain faith in their security system. In the last decade the company was lacking behind in having a physical product. Most of the products were software based along with integrated platform of windows. On September 2013, Microsoft Corporation took over Nokia which fulfilled its motive of producing physical product. The Smartphone production have led the company to gain more revenue as well as keep the Nokia Brand sustainable on the market . In this report the smartphone production business area of Microsoft Corporation is studied Background of the business On September 4, 2013 it was officially announced that Microsoft will buy Nokias Devices Unit for $7.2 Billion (Microsoft.com, 2015). In order to stay in competition with Apple, Google and Samsung Microsoft thought of producing its own Smartphone. It took over Nokia which was by then struggling hard to survive, so that it has its own physical devices. 32,000 employees were transferred to Microsoft. This approach led in rising 34% shares of Nokia valuing 14.9 billion euros. The market capitalization of Microsoft rose to $265.6 billion (Spence, 2015). In the past year sales volume have increased that led to rise the revenue of Microsoft. Figure below shows the revenue earned by Microsoft in the last quarter. Selection of Customer target Primarily Microsoft thought of targeting the premium customers. Later it came to understand that it needs to target those customers who like the design of model rather than its functionality. For this Microsoft made the Lumia smartphones user interface quite simple yet attractive (CNET, 2015). Such customers were mostly corporate level individuals who like simplicity yet good performance. In consideration to price vs. needs, as the market of Microsoft Lumia is developing it needs to keep the price lower than Apple and Samsung. Targeted customer should be the one whose needs are limited to design and hardware. Such as corporate individuals who have less time to play games and access apps, rather they want the better durability of mobile. Price must not be high enough for the targeted customer as it is known that lower price attracts more customers. As a result, Microsoft Lumia constantly focuses on the design of the devices in context to their product price. Figure below shows the price vs. needs results. Yellow color = price, Green color = needs. With increase in needs, price was kept in balance so that demand is balanced with supply (Hall, 2015). This indicates that with a small change in price can lead to much change in demand of quantity.This makes the product to be elastic that responses to change in price. Thus elasticity and value of Smartphone is responsive to change in price. In future Microsoft has the opportunity to gain more customers if it designs more apps for limited Smartphone. This will drive more attention of customers. Positioning of New Smartphone In consideration to current scenario, Microsoft needs to extend its market in more countries such as Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, Bangladesh and Sri Lana. Such countries are developing in terms of technology (De Clercq, Danis and Dakhli, 2010). Considering Porter Five forces, these countries have the least substitutes and potential entries are limited. Microsoft image will drive out these customers to buy Lumia devices where the company can set a benchmark. Considering Kim and Mauborgnes article, distinctive tag line will be to reach the deepest customers who like model design more than its applications (Grn and Dolnicar, 2015). Below spider graph shows the relative market position of Microsoft that can be achieved in such countries: 4Ps of marketing Product- according to positioning, product must not have high price. Let the customers taste the product primarily (Hull and Covin, 2010). High price will not seek too much customer attention. Quality or hardware must be high class as software part is not considered. Price- people of the above countries are having average per capita source of income. Thus price much be average so that they can at least buy the products. Place- such countries are well developed in internet services. Thus primarily retail shops are not to be opened. Rather online promotions are to be done. Promotion- too much promotion is needed. Most of the customers tend to buy android devices. Thus discounts and coupons with proper tie-up from e-commerce will lead in better promotion. Business operating Model Business Model relates all the resources that the organization deals with so as to render total quality production and services for long term (Johansen, 2010). This model consist of core activities, costs and resources. The resources indicatefinancial, intangible, tangible and human factors that are quantifiable factors in the model. Core Activities Core activities relate to external customer satisfaction (Chamberlin and Doutriaux, 2010). The company needs to develop strategies in developing the user interface of the smartphone. For this more engineers are needed who will give the best processers idea, how to manage the hard disk and camera sensors. For managing improvement focus should be kept on out factors that what changes the market share and who is creating features of benchmarking (Laforet and Wright, 2010). At certain times audits are to be done and meetings are to be handled in order to identify the best strategic drift that is need for future. The research and patients give the most positive outcome. Innovation must not take much time or otherwise competitors are ready to introduce more substitutes (Chroneer, Johansson and Malmstrom, 2015). Figure below shows the core activities of the production oriented business unit: Costs Costs that are related to tangible asset are innovating hardware (Lam and Hannah, 2015). Microsoft tries to focus on camera build. Most innovative sensors are present today. This makes the unique features of Lumia phones. This even results in premium pricing. Often it is found that certain models are only concentrated in camera quality (The Verge, 2015). These are budget friendly devices. To increase customer relationship, Microsoft gives the warranty services to be increase for one more year if a least contribution is made by the user.The cash and debt structure is given below: Tangible and intangible resources Microsoft has built up its trust within years by the most custom build services. Current when Lumia smartphone is considered, it is running parallel to Xbox. The tangible resourcesare supplied by the contracts that have been taken by Nokia (Lee, 2015). Most of the hardware is well build. Intangible resources such as customer trust, customer satisfaction has led to increase more diversified features of Lumia. Previously app store consisted of applications that were mostly paid. Currently many apps are free of cost. These are intangible resources. Human Resource Human resource are the most diversified in nature for such a company. Top engineers are recruited to build the design that is performance effective and which keep a balancebetween cost and price (Lusis and Bauder, 2010). Thirty thousand employees are associated globally with Microsoft for production of smartphone. Figure below shows the Quantifiable Human Resource. Value Chain Microsofts unit of business that deal with Smartphone production has comfortably dealt with the logistics and supply chain at present. In future deeper distributers are needed to enhance the customer relationship. Success factors Table below shows the key success factors. Key success factor Current implication Future implication User Interface of Microsoft Lumia Customers those like the designing gets most attracted. Though its percentage is lower than other companies More apps are to be developed that will support the graphic user interface to deliver the best quality images Security system MSN is the trusted online messenger today that has much low usability MSN has to be improved to engage more customers like what Google did for Hangoutmessenger Platform Windows 8.1 OS is still the best operating system of Microsoft. This platform is available for most of the devices. Users get the opportunity to integrate their laptops, Xbox and Smartphone in the same platform Latest update of Windows 10 is to be made available for most of the Smartphone. This will engage more customers interest Resource and Capability Capabilities can be designed for many resources such as Tool, Machine, Vendor and Human Resource (Manikas et al., 2010). Tools are designed in such a way that those are capable to function in any research purposes. Core machine that develops the chipset, processor and hard disk of the Smartphone is best at the present condition. This machine is to be developed more to be integrated with secondary peripheral machines to ensure better productivity of camera lens. In future, wide angle lens is the most required. To retail in completion Human Resource are to be selected from top companies from different part of the world (Menzly and Ozbas, 2010). SatyaNadella though being young have taken certain strategies that raised the limit of Microsoft. Management Agenda Microsoft has taken a lot of strategies to get higher revenue from Smartphone production. But the current condition is not favorable for them. Microsoft thought of concentrating on hardware part. In caparison to other smartphone, Lumia devices are quite hard and sophisticated but it lacks features (The Verge, 2015). Hence to sustain in the competition more investment is need to redesign the software. Application developers are not willing to contribute in windows platform. Microsoft needs to pay them more so that they involve in developing apps. Future Action Plans Cut-down employees At present smartphone department is not generating much revenue. The cost factor is limited and so only way is to cut down employees on the Smartphone department. This will reduce capital investment. The savings are to be utilized in other departments (Mitchell, 2010). Cutting down employees will lead in cost minimization. Responsibility of Microsoft is touHuman appoint those employees to other business unit in Microsoft. Otherwise trust of these employees will be lost. Developers cooperation In comparison to android platform, windows lack in custom apps. Users mostly like the use of apps that attracts them more and more. Developers have refused to generate apps for windows. Hence Microsoft needs to invest more on the developers contract. Sales volume will be increased if new free apps are introduced in the store (Niosi, 2010). Customers can only be deviated if they get the same taste of android on windows. Operating System The latest operating system Windows 10 has been launched. This operating system is till now not available for any of the devices. It is recommended that only few Lumia devices will be having windows 10 update initially. Is will prove to be a market skimming strategy to cover up most of the expenseswithin a short time period. As windows 10 OS is brilliant enough to attract most of the users, it is an opportunity for Microsoft to cover much of the market globally. Blueprint Figure below shows the management agenda Blueprint: Internal Linkage Smartphone production is the latest business unit of Microsoft. The other internal areas of the business are Skype, MSN, Bing Bar, MS Silverlight, Windows Media Center, Microsoft Visual Studio, MS Office and a whole lot more.Xbox being one of the major video game console of Microsoft, Smartphone in future can be interlinked with Xbox to control it via air. Xbox security can even be covered by mobiles. Other area such as the online messenger if improved to support Windows 10 in Lumia Smartphone, then more accounts can be generated which in turn will lead in more customer access. Today most of the customers prefer Whatsapp. Time may arrive when MSN is the leading online messaging app. Windows Media Center is critically accepted globally due to its unique features. At present it only runs in Laptop. Smartphone can be interlinked with WMC in future. Conclusion Software giant Microsoft though have taken the strategy to produce mobiles, but it has led to disappointment as it loses apps. Most of the apps are chargeable. Thus customers are not attracted towards windows. The analysis in this project have evolved certain unknown facts about the marketing policies of Microsoft that it needs to focus more. Reference List Chamberlin, T. and Doutriaux, J. (2010). Sourcing Knowledge and Innovation in a Low-Technology Industry.Industry Innovation, 17(5), pp.487-510. Chroneer, D., Johansson, J. and Malmstrom, M. (2015). Business Model Management TypologiesCognitive Mapping of Business Model Landscapes.IJBM, 10(3). CNET, (2015).Microsoft gets hardware foothold as Surface, Lumia sales jump - CNET. [online] Available at: https://www.cnet.com/news/microsoft-finds-foothold-in-hardware-as-surface-lumia-sales-soar/ [Accessed 2 Sep. 2015]. De Clercq, D., Danis, W. and Dakhli, M. (2010). The moderating effect of institutional context on the relationship between associational activity and new business activity in emerging economies.International Business Review, 19(1), pp.85-101. Grn, B. and Dolnicar, S. (2015). Response style corrected market segmentation for ordinal data.Marketing Letters. Hall, T. (2015). Firm Boundaries and Innovation: Empirical Evidence from Entrepreneurial Finance.Int. J. Innovation Technol. Management, p.1550023. Hull, C. and Covin, J. (2010). Learning Capability, Technological Parity, and Innovation Mode Use*.Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(1), pp.97-114. Johansen, V. (2010). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial activity.IJESB, 9(1), p.74. Laforet, S. and Wright, M. (2010). Call for Papers International Small Business Journal Special Issue: Entrepreneurial Activity in the Venture Creation and Development Process.International Small Business Journal, 28(5), pp.435-436. Lam, C. and Hannah, M. (2015). Flipping the Audience Script: An Activity That Integrates Research and Audience Analysis.Business and Professional Communication Quarterly. Lee, W. (2015). The Relationship between Technology Planning Capability Enhancement, the Technology Roadmap, and Innovation.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 6(1). Lusis, T. and Bauder, H. (2010). Immigrants in the Labour Market: Transnationalism and Segmentation.Geography Compass, 4(1), pp.28-44. Manikas, I., Manos, B., Vlachopoulou, M. and Manthou, V. (2010). An activity-oriented web application for fresh produce traceability.IJBIS, 5(4), p.348. MENZLY, L. and OZBAS, O. (2010). Market Segmentation and Cross-predictability of Returns.The Journal of Finance, 65(4), pp.1555-1580. Microsoft.com, (2015).Microsoft 2014 Annual Report. [online] Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar14/index.html [Accessed 2 Sep. 2015]. Mitchell, (2010). On Calculating Activity Slack in Stochastic Project Networks.American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2(1), pp.78-85. Niosi, J. (2010). Rethinking science, technology and innovation (STI) institutions in developing countries.Innovation: Management, Policy Practice, 12(3), pp.250-268. Spence, E. (2015).What Is Microsoft's Smartphone Strategy With Windows 10?. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewanspence/2015/01/26/microsoft-windows-10-smartphones/ [Accessed 2 Sep. 2015]. The Verge, (2015).Did Microsoft just give up on Windows Phone?. [online] Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/8/8913365/microsoft-lumia-windows-phones-strategy-2015 [Accessed 2 Sep. 2015]. The Verge, (2015).Microsoft's Q3 2015: Surface and Lumia up, but profit down. [online] Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/23/8484267/microsoft-earnings-report-q3-2015 [Accessed 2 Sep. 2015].

Operations Management Research-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Operation Management. Answer: Operation management is an essential part of any organization. Operations can be defined as a transportation process through which inputs are converted into outputs. Operation management is a technique of managing people, processes and systems for successfully delivering useful products or services to customers. It plays very crucial role in the success of the company. Operation management is important part in both manufacturing and service industries. Till today many researchers have defined operation management in different ways but the concept discussed was same. Operation management includes all those activities from procurement to final distribution of goods or services (Aksin, Armony Mehrotra, 2007). The given essay elaborates role of operations management in current business world. From past several years it has been analyzed that companies are producing different products to remain in the market. Now companies have shifted their attention towards customers expectations. Now customers are demanding better quality products. Due to advancement in technology it becomes possible to deliver product anywhere with minimum efforts. Internet, telecommunication and transportation mediums have supported to maintain global link with customers. Countries are getting closer in commerce and trade. Companies are producing variety of products and properly supervising all the production activities (Miles Snow, 2007). In the companies mainly operation manager manages all operation management activities. The operation manager is mainly responsible for managing all operations. The operation manger ensures that all the products should be of good quality. The products should be delivered at right place on right time. Through operation management the cost of the products are also managed. The major requirements of any company are good quality, high productivity and customer satisfaction and these requirements can only be fulfilled through proper operation management (Singhal Singhal, 2012). I have analyzed that Competition among companies is rising as all the companies are targeting same market segment for similar products and services. Companies attract the customers by differentiating their products by adding unique characteristics from other companies. For creating unique products or services companies are giving continuous efforts. The uniqueness of products exists today may be copied tomorrow by other companies that can nullify competitive advantage. So to stay competitive the companies continuously design and manufacture new products (Cohen Kunreuther, 2007). Manufacturing companies also give focus on marketing activities. Customers needs help companies to get new ideas for product development. First priority of any company is to understand customers needs and expectations. Companies manage each function of production to maintain proper control over activities. In the modern business world each functional departments members have to interact with other members. High level of integration is required to manage all the operations within the organization. Today companies are adopting lean concept to manage all the operations. Initially only Japanese companies were using lean concept and companies were also getting benefits through it. Later companies from other countries also adapted the concept. Lean concept gives emphasis on quality, cost and productivity. By using compatible technology all the objectives can be achieved. Companies can only earn good amount of profit by producing products or services in low cost and of high quality. Companies can reduce operational cost by using different methods for reducing waste production (Sousa Voss, 2008). For achieving this companies should use right combination of raw materials and also should use right processes for production. The operation manager handles various activities like the manager gives training to workers to reduce production cost and time. Proper production layout is selected to manage production activities. Operation manager also maintains distribution network. The operation manager coordinates with other managers like finance manager, human resource manager and marketing manager to get all the required information. Operation management includes concepts from various subjects like psychology, mathematics, statistics and physics. For managing operations modern companies use the concept of time and motion study to increase productivity. Time and motion study is based on the concept that time and energy should be utilized efficiently. Companies control the quality of products by using sampling methods. Linear programing technique is also used in operation management to find the best solution from all available alternatives (Barratt, Choi Li, 2011). The operation manager motivates the employees to show their creative skills that can contribute in improving processes. The operation manager motivates employees to produce the best output to meet customers expectations. From the above description it can be concluded that operation management has a significant role in the modern business world. Irrespective to the size, all organization give efforts to deliver products and services effectively and efficiently. Companies may face some difficulties in managing operations but through proper planning and coordination the problems can be solved. In the given essay the role of operation management is described. Through proper operation management the companies can differentiate themselves and can attract more customers. References Aksin, Z., Armony, M. Mehrotra, V., 2007. The modern call center: A multi?disciplinary perspective on operations management research, Production and Operations Management, 16(6), pp.665-688. Barratt, M., Choi, T.Y. Li, M., 2011. Qualitative case studies in operations management: Trends, research outcomes, and future research implications, Journal Of Operations Management, 29(4), pp.329-342. Cohen, M.A. Kunreuther, H., 2007. Operations risk management: overview of Paul Kleindorfer's contributions, Production and Operations Management, 16(5), pp.525-541. Miles, R.E. Snow, C.C., 2007. Organization theory and supply chain management: An evolving research perspective, Journal Of Operations Management, 25(2), pp.459-463. Singhal, K. Singhal, J., 2012. Opportunities for developing the science of operations and supply-chain management, Journal of Operations Management, 30(3), pp.245-252. Sousa, R. Voss, C.A., 2008. Contingency research in operations management practices, Journal Of Operations Management, 26(6), pp.697-713.